Which organ has both exocrine and endocrine roles?

The pancreas is a unique organ because it serves both exocrine and endocrine functions. In its exocrine role, it produces digestive enzymes, such as amylase, lipase, and proteases, which are secreted into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. This secretion occurs through ductal systems, classifying it as an exocrine gland.

Simultaneously, the pancreas has an endocrine function through clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans. These cells secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin and glucagon, which play crucial roles in regulating blood sugar levels. This dual functionality is a key characteristic that distinguishes the pancreas from other organs that typically have only one type of secretion.

The liver, despite its important metabolic and regulatory roles, primarily functions as an exocrine organ for bile production and does not have a classical endocrine function like the pancreas. The kidneys primarily filter blood to produce urine and regulate various substances but do not possess dual glandular roles in the same manner. The stomach primarily functions in digestion and acid production with little to no significant endocrine function involving the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream. Thus, the pancreas stands out as the only organ with both exocrine